The coronavirus epidemic has provoked changes in most spheres of public life and has given rise to many ways of rethinking in matters of security, economics, social philosophy, ethics and so on. Against the background of discussing global issues, some kind of simple but not problem-free perspective is being lost – the spectacle of an epidemic from the spectator’s point of view. This perspective is the most obvious, but requires further analysis. In quarantine conditions, spectator’s contact with the phenomenon is (...) entirely mediated by the screen determining his perception of the epidemic as a media phenomenon. Dividing the existential experience caused by the epidemic and the spectator’s experience, we put the former in parentheses and focus only on the latter, not being interested in the epidemic as a phenomenon, but in the “phenomenon of the epidemic on the screen”. It is the representation of the epidemic that is the problem: despite real-time broadcasting and the unprecedented “visibility” of the epidemic, quarantine visuality is eventless. Discussion of the epidemic captures the information field and its totality makes a claim to an exceptional event. However, its exclusivity is refuted historically, and eventfulness has no place in the philosophical sense. The spectacle remains – but its mode is specific. The brilliant analysis of spectacle by Guy Deborah and Jean Baudrillard in the case of a modern epidemic is inappropriate: the usual way of experiencing a spectacle in the case of an epidemic is changing – this spectacle is non-spectacular. The spectacle of an epidemic is a “quarantine spectacle”: isolated from “what is” and / or isolating spectators from it. Without displaying death, the screen does not reflect what is happening inside the epidemic itself. The fundamental representativeness of death is complemented by a number of invisibilities – the invisibility of the unceremoniously buried dead, the invisibility of isolated patients, the invisibility of physicians protected by their suits and, most importantly, the invisibility of the threat. However, since the screen cannot remain blank, it is filled with images of scarcity and absence: the image of an empty city is decisive for quarantine visuality. The representation of the epidemic, despite the fact that it is broadcast online as a constant update of statistics, avoids both eventness and entertainment. (shrink)

The aim of this work is to consider individual symptoms and areas of alienation in the history of mankind and in the modern information society, and the disclosure of its logic and patterns. Methodologically, the study is based on the historical, information and cybernetic approaches. The paper points to a positive feedback between the amount of knowledge in alienated form and figures of society, the development of its comprehensive intelligence. New forms of exclusion, which exist in the form of artificial (...) intelligence, robotics, and global computer networks, are analysed. The findings suggest a communicative model of the interaction of mankind with man-made external memory, which describes a non-linear process of communicating to it all human knowledge and intellectual abilities. It is emphasized that the contradiction between man and the material world created by him is the main contradiction of modernity. (shrink)

The article has examined the influence of cordocentrism and natural philosophy of Hryhorii Skovoroda on the formation of worldviews and aesthetic program of “silent poets.” The motive and figurative constants of “silent poets,” the specifics of the creation of their poetic universe through the conceptual system of cordocentric and natural philosophical codes are clarified. It is proved, that in the poetry of Iryna Zhylenko, Svitlana Yovenko, Anatolii Kychynskyi, Volodymyr Pidpalyi, Liudmyla Skyrda, Leonid Talalai, Pavlo Movchan, Dmytro Cherednychenko the image (...) of the heart became a symbol, which emphasized the spirituality of human, formed by the humanistic attitude to the world. The dominant place in the poetic creativity of “silent poetry” was occupied by the sensual imperative: love, love for relatives, and the native land. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the natural world endowed the lyrical hero of “silent poets” with mental harmony and freedom of choice, conditioned by moral foundations and beliefs, independent of the political situation of the second half of the 20th century. (shrink)

Aktualność badania spowodowana współczesnymi tendencjami srategicznego rozwoju Ukrainy skierowanego przede wszystkim na eurointegrację. Coraz więcej Ukraińców decyduje na podjęcie studiów w Polsce, którzy potrzebują poznania języka polskiego w stopniu pozwalającym swobodnie komunikować i opanowywać określone gatunki oraz wyrażać towarzyszące im funkcje językowe. Ustawienie zadania przewiduje analizę kategorii odbiorców kursów języka polskiego oraz ustalenie typologii i przyczyn najczęściej popełnianych błędów podczas uczenia się języka polskiego przez osoby słowiańskojęzyczne, na podstawie własnych doświadczeń autorów w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego w Centrach Języka (...) i Kultury Polskiej w Zaporożu i w Berdiańsku. Głównym celem artykułu jest omówienie najczęściej spotykanych błędów pojawiających się podczas uczenia się języka polskiego jako obcego przez studentów ukraińsko- i rosyjskojęzycznych i przyczyny ich pojawienia się. Metodologia przewiduje wykorzystanie metod strukturalno-funkcjonalnych, porównawczych, aksjologicznych i innych metod i podejść, które pozwoliły na dogłębną analizę przedstawionych problemów i wytypowanie błędów popełnianych przez słuchaczy kursu języka polskiego. Za najważniejsze przyczyny błędów uznano homonimię międzyjęzykową oraz wpływ interferencji negatywnej. Analiza ostatnich badań i publikacji świadczy o aktualności podjętego tematu pod względem zwiększającej się popularności i atrakcyjności języka polskiego wśród Ukraińców oraz wzmocnienia i rozwoju relacji, jak politycznych tak i międzyludzkich między Ukrainą a Polską. (shrink)

Quando olha atentamente para os detalhes de uma obra literária, o leitor mais perspicaz toma consciência de mecanismos que regem e organizam o texto com objetivos específicos para a economia da narrativa. No romance Memorial do Convento , de José Saramago (1994), a relação entre Literatura e Religião é um desses mecanismos, algo que se torna visível no confronto entre sagrado e profano, na inversão de seus valores e na afinidade entre “poder espiritual” e “poder temporal”, o que se (...) assemelha àquilo que Giacomo Marramao definiu como “jogo de espelhos”, ou seja, a “estatização” da Igreja e a “eclesiastização” do Estado. Investigar o estatuto do sagrado e da relação entre a Igreja e a corte portuguesa do século XVIII, analisando suas implicações na narrativa literária, constitui-se como objetivo primordial deste texto. Dessa forma, o artigo se insere no movimento atual que Umberto Eco chamou de “a volta ao pensamento religioso”, um retorno frenético a tudo o que diz respeito ao sagrado e que se situa na contracorrente do cientificismo iluminista, trazendo explicitamente de volta à literatura a “questão de Deus”. Palavras-chave: José Saramago. Literatura portuguesa. Religião. Sagrado. Profano.When the more insightful reader takes a careful look at the details of a literary work, he realizes mechanisms that govern and organize the text with specifics goals for the arrangement of the narrative. In the novel "Memorial do Convento", by José Saramago, the relationship between literature and religion is one of such mechanisms, which becomes visible in the confrontation between sacred and profane, as well as in the reversal of their values and in the affinity between "spiritual power" and "temporal power", resembling what Giacomo Marramao has defined as "game of mirrors", i.e. the "nationalization" of the Church and the "ecclesiastization" of the State. The present text aims to investigate the status of the sacred and the relationship between the Church and the Portuguese court in the 18th century, analyzing its implications in the literary narrative. This article is part of the current movement that Umberto Eco called “the come back to religious thought", one frenetic regress to everything that reports to the sacred, somewhat that is in the countercurrent of Enlightenment scientism, explicitly bringing back the "question of God" to literature. Keywords: José Saramago. Portuguese literature. Religion. Sacred. Profane. (shrink)

Resumo: O presente artigo reflete sobre o tema da “responsabilidade” no pensamento filosófico de Hannah Arendt (1906 - 1975) e Emmanuel Lévinas (1906 - 1995) com a intenção de demonstrar as nuances e particularidades de cada autor e ao mesmo tempo realizando uma atualização da reflexão filosófica destes dois grandes pensadores do século XX. Para Arendt, o conceito de responsabilidade perpassa tanto o aspecto pessoal quanto coletivo acentuando a dimensão da política e aparece de forma sistemática em escritos a partir (...) do seu livro Eichmann em Jerusalém (1963). Já para Lévinas, o conceito de responsabilidade está intrinsecamente ligado à sua concepção de ética como filosofia primeira. Encontramos uma maior exposição deste conceito nas obras Totalidade e Infinito (1961), Ética e Infinito (1982), Deus, a Morte e o Tempo (1993), dentre outras. Ele tem por objetivo tirar a primazia da ontologia e assim propor um novo paradigma para o agir humano. Segundo Lévinas, a exterioridade do rosto manifesta-se quando o outro olha para mim, torno-me responsável por ele, de tal maneira que, mesmo tendo que assumir responsabilidade a seu respeito, a sua responsabilidade incumbe-me, ou seja, o rosto do outro me interpela, me prende em sua ética da responsabilidade. Podemos afirmar que há uma aproximação entre o pensamento de Hannah Arendt e Emmanuel Lévinas, na concordância de ambos, no fato de que não deve haver uma supervalorização do ‘eu’, mas a centralidade deve estar acentuada na alteridade, quer no cuidado com o mundo (Arendt), quer no cuidado com o Outro (Lévinas). (shrink)

É através do olhar que se inicia a relação com o outro. Em O Ser e o Nada, Sartre usa o exemplo da vergonha como um modo de ser da consciência na qual o outro surge como mediador do Para-si consigo mesmo, pois sinto vergonha de mim tal como apareço ao outro. Existe uma conexão entre mim e o outro, diferente de minha relação com os objetos. Quando sou visto, tenho consciência de mim, mas não sou o meu próprio fundamento, (...) tenho meu fundamento fora de mim através do outro. Pelo olhar, vivo a alienação de minhas possibilidades, pois o outro me objetiva. Ao ser objetivado, adquiro uma dimensão de exterioridade como se eu tivesse uma essência. Mas o homem por si mesmo não tem acesso à sua essência. A existência e a liberdade do outro me ameaçam, pois tendem a me imobilizar no Em-si. Entretanto, não coincido com a sua apreensão de mim, pois não posso me olhar como o outro me olha. Será sempre indecifrável para mim. Mas a qualquer momento posso devolver o olhar do outro, assim, colocando a mim mesmo em minha própria liberdade e afrontando a liberdade do outro. (shrink)

O presente texto procura colocar em diálogo reflexões do campo da Filosofia da Infância com os da Educação Infantil. Além das contribuições teóricas pretende fazer conexões com situações observadas em uma pesquisa de doutorado na qual as relações com o espaço e o tempo são entrelaçadas com as do corpo como experiência que surgem nas relações que as crianças estabelecem com seus machucados, ou como elas definem, seus ‘dodóis’. Nessas relações duas particularidades podem ser observadas: uma primeira é que as (...) crianças percebem o corpo como uma experiência contextualizada com o mundo social e material, ou seja, elas não percebem seus corpos separados dos espaços. Uma segunda particularidade é que as crianças trazem a possibilidade do tempo aión como uma aproximação à experiência, uma compreensão do tempo entrelaçado com pessoas, espaços, lugares e ações em que evidencia também relações, emoções e encontros. Dando seqüência as reflexões o texto pretende trazer para o diálogo também situações nas quais são tema entre as crianças as expressões dos sentimentos e das emoções e ainda situações que envolvem suas excreções como as ‘melecas’ e os ‘ranhos’ trazendo uma potencialidade para se pensar as relações entre corpo, infância e educação. A partir da compreensão de uma infância como experiência, como acontecimento que rompe com a história, pretende pensar indicações para uma infância da educação e não já apenas uma educação da infância. Essa necessidade de se pensar uma infância da educação, e não já apenas uma educação da infância parece simples, mas requer um outro ‘olhar’, requer ‘jogar fora’, ou pelo menos questionar, problematizar parte de nossa história para que seja possível pensar em condições de outras ordens, outros valores, enfim, outra educação. Ou seja, uma educação, em que se ‘olha’ não apenas os processos de desenvolvimento das crianças, mas também os seus conhecimentos, as suas produções, as suas manifestações, as suas preferências, as suas interações e particularmente as suas experiências. (shrink)

A condição indígena no Brasil se apresenta atualmente de forma complicada. Tendo suas garantias constitucionais violadas, a existência desses povos tem sofrido sérios danos. A situação se torna mais complexa quando se olha para a Educação Escolar Indígena, cuja existência é garantida pela Constituição Federal e pela Lei 9.394/96. Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar e discutir a revisão bibliográfica pertinente de modo a ampliar a produção de conhecimento sobre o tema. É uma pesquisa bibliográfica e analítica que justifica (...) à medida em que há a constante necessidade de atualização das discussões deste tema, porque é pertinente dadas as reais condições em que os indígenas vivem no Brasil. Nossos resultados apontam que é dever do Estado garantir e propiciar os meios adequados para a formação e promoção da educação escolar indígena, sem no entanto compartilhar conflitos de interesses que coloquem em xeque a sobrevivência das formas de ser dos povos indígenas. Concluímos que a educação escolar indígena pode ser fornecida pelo Estado a partir da formação de professores e educadores das próprias comunidades indígenas, que, conhecendo sua realidade e a de seu povo, pode ajudar na transformação da realidade de seu povo. Palavras-chave: direitos; estado; educação escolar; povos indígenas. (shrink)

Nestes nossos tempos gerundistas e de valores-isopores o apelo ao eufemismo e à grandiloquência torna-se palavra de ordem e progresso. Oficinas mecânicas passam a ser chamadas de centros automotivos, açougues transmutam-se em butiques de carnes e sapatarias em recuperadoras de calçados.Daí a gente olha em volta e começa igualmente a não achar mais nem barbearias nem barbeiros.Quedê, perguntamos, a Tesoura de Ouro do Carlão? Pois seu salão ganhou a neomodernosa indicação de Cabeleireiro Masculino e virou ele esteticista capilar. Bate (...) daí saudade danada – possivelmente, diria. (shrink)

Este ensaio visual desdobra-se de uma pesquisa poética de mestrado na qual o corpo da pesquisadora-artista é tornado objeto de si em experimentação. Essa experimentação se dá a partir da produção de uma série de fotodobragens intitulada Mulher dobrada (2016-2019), realizada em um ambiente rural de origem. Com isso, busca pensar os processos de subjetivação do feminino. O conceito filosófico de dobra, presente nos estudos de filosofia de Michel Foucault e Gilles Deleuze é aberto ao ato físico de dobrar e (...) redobrar o corpo ao meio. Um corpo definido em múltiplas formas, que pertence, mas, por vezes, destoa de seu ambiente. Um corpo que nasce nos diferentes ambientes, aos quais sempre volta, como os ciclos das plantas e a persistência de suas paisagens. Um corpo que, em uma poética, pode criar novas relações e voltar diferente. Fechado em si, protege-se do que é externo. Ao mesmo tempo, seu exercício particular é exposto ao outro, espectador. De dentro e para fora do próprio corpo, através da imagem, o gesto repetido de dobrar-se ao meio testa sua resistência. Entre a ductilidade e a quebra, movimento e inoperância, entre continuidade e ruptura, pertencimento e estranheza, no entre, visa desafiar a anatomia e o olhar identificador do corpo de mulher conhecido, através de uma mulher que olha para si. (shrink)

No livro Plato’s Philosophers, Catherine Zuckert olha para o Timeu de Platão de maneira renovada e revive implicitamente a tese de A. E. Taylor, segundo a qual Timeu não fala por Platão. Taylor devotou seu escrupuloso comentário de 1927 para construir esse argumento, o qual, porém, encalhou diante da questão colocada dez anos depois por F. M. Cornford, no livro Plato’s Cosmology : “Qual poderia ter sido o seu motivo?” O motivo de Platão era tanto pedagógico quanto parmenídico: assim (...) como a deusa expõe o peregrino à “Via da Opinião” depois da revelação da “Verdade”, assim também o Timeu de Platão expõe o leitor a um relato poético de uma cosmologia baseada na visão – outro kosmo/j e0pe/wn a0pathlo/j – depois da revelação, feita na República V-VII, da ontologia platônica puramente inteligível. (shrink)

Two centuries after they were published, Kant's ethical writings are as much admired and imitated as they have ever been, yet serious and long-standing accusations of internal incoherence remain unresolved. Onora O'Neill traces the alleged incoherences to attempt to assimilate Kant's ethical writings to modern conceptions of rationality, action and rights. When the temptation to assimilate is resisted, a strikingly different and more cohesive account of reason and morality emerges. Kant offers a `constructivist' vindication of reason and a moral vision (...) in which obligations are prior to rights and in which justice and virtue are linked. O'Neill begins by reconsidering Kant's conceptions of philosophical method, reason, freedom, automony and action. She then moves on to the more familiar terrain of interpretation of the Categorical Imperative, while in the last section she emphasises differences between Kant's ethics and recent 'Kantian' ethics, including the work of John Rawls and other contemporary liberal political philosophers. This reassessment will add significantly to the understanding of Kantian practical philosophy. (shrink)

In this collection of essays Onora O'Neill explores and argues for an account of justice that is fundamentally cosmopolitan rather than civic, yet takes serious account of institutions and boundaries, and of human diversity and vulnerability. Starting from conceptions that are central to any account of justice - those of reason, action, judgement, coercion, obligations and rights - she discusses whether and how culturally or politically specific concepts and views, which limit the claims and scope of justice, can be avoided. (...) She then examines the demands and scope of just institutions, arguing that there are good reasons for taking the claims of distant strangers seriously, but that doing so points not to a world without boundaries but to one of porous boundaries and dispersed power. Bounds of Justice will be of interest to a wide range of readers in philosophy, politics and international relations. (shrink)

Animals, Equality and Democracy examines the structure of animal protection legislation and finds that it is deeply inequitable, with a tendency to favor those animals the community is most likely to see and engage with. Siobhan O'Sullivan argues that these inequities violate fundamental principle of justice and transparency.

Sounds are audible, and sound sources are audible. What is the audible relation between audible sounds and audible sources? Common talk and philosophy suggest three candidates. The first is that sounds audibly are properties instantiated by their sources. I argue that sounds are audible individuals and thus are not audibly instantiated by audible sources. The second is that sounds audibly are effects of their sources. I argue that auditory experience presents no compelling evidence that sounds audibly are causally related to (...) audible sources. The third is that sounds audibly are related mereologically to their sources. I present and offer a defence of this third candidate. (shrink)

Para a determinação do humano (em contraposição quer ao não-humano quer ao in-humano) não basta nem o entendimento saudável do homem (gesunder Menschenverstand) nem a ciência que porventura o complemente. Ms não vai também a Filosofia precisamente em nome da razão para lá do indivíduo e das suas necessidades ? Trata-se, portanto, de em contraposição à "sabedoria do mundo" afirmar a escuta crente em relação a Palavra de Deus? Esta Palavra, por são vez, não informa sobre tudo, e onde quer (...) que ela performe a acção de informar ela deve ser traduzida a partir da sua localização histórica para o nosso Aqui e Agora. Neste sentido, o cristão deve, portanto, filosofar. Ele não afirma a sua fé como fundamentação (como "premissa"), o que acontece, isso sim, na Teologia; mas ela está ao seu serviço no contexto da descoberta: ela olha para lá do indivíduo para a realidade em si mesma. Ora isto pode-Ihe muito bem abrir novas dimensões, as quais permanecem cerradas para um pensamento a-cristão ou até mesmo anti-cristão. Em última análise o crente é levado a reconhecer que a questão central da Filosofia pertence não ao homem, mas a Deus. /// DeusTo determine the human (in contraposition to both the non-human and the inhumane), neither the "healthy" understanding of man, nor science is sufficient. But does philosophy, in name of reason, proceeding beyond the individual and his needs, operate in contraposition to the "wisdom of the world" and the affirmation of the believer in relation to the Word of God? This Word does not inform us of everything and wherever it performs its action of informing, it must be translated in regard to its historical localization. Thus, the Christian must philosophise, not affirming his faith in foundational terms, as does indeed a theologian. But such an affirmation is at the service of a contextual discovery that proceeds beyond the individual and in the direction of reality itself This can open new dimensions that are effectively closed to non-Christian, or even anti-Christian, thought. Ultimately, the believer recognizes that the central question of philosophy does not belong to man but rather to God. (shrink)

I propose a theory of freedom of choice on which it is a variable quality of individual conscious choices that has several dimensions that admit of degrees, even though - as many theorists have traditionally supposed - it also has as a necessary condition the possession of a capacity that is all or nothing. I argue that the proposed account better fits the phenomenology of ostensibly free actions, as well as empirical findings in the human sciences.

Paradigms in philosophy and cognitive science until recently have treated perception in typical human beings as relatively fixed and unchanging. Recent research instead supports the claim that perception can be altered over time by training, deliberate practice or mere exposure. If so, we do not all bring to a scene the same stock of perceptual capacities, and our differences are not just deficits or superpowers. This paper describes six questions an account of perceptual learning ought to address, which pose difficult (...) challenges to Kevin Connolly’s (2019) groundbreaking Offloading View of perceptual learning. In light of these questions, it sketches an alternative simple view according to which perceptual learning is acquiring a new or enhanced perceptual capacity in a particular way. The relevant capacity is a capacity perceptually to detect and differentiate a feature, where doing so constitutively if not wholly implicates perception. The relevant way is by means of an independently characterized learning process, rather than by adaptation, pure development, or mere accident. The perceptual change thus results from a smart process – one that is flexible, resilient, and responsive to feedback, rather than rigid, fragile and brute. Such a process can yield perceptual know-how. Thanks to perceptual learning, one comes to know how to perceive, in a sense that means being able to do so. Some specialists hone this to develop perceptual skills that are implicated in expert performance. (shrink)

Recent studies within neuroscience and cognitive psychology have explored the place of conscious willing in the generation of purposive action. Some have argued that certain findings indicate that the commonsensical view that we control many of our actions through conscious willing is largely or wholly illusory. I rebut such arguments, contending that they typically rest on a conflation of distinct phenomena. Nevertheless, I also suggest that traditional philosophical accounts of the will need to be revised: a raft of studies indicate (...) that control over one’s own will among human beings is limited, fragile, and – insofar as control depends to an extent on conscious knowledge – admitting of degrees. I briefly sketch several dimensions along which freedom of the will may vary over time and across agents. (shrink)

Abstract: The systemic role of corruption and its link to low human development is explored. The extractive resource industry is presented as an arena where conditions for corruption—monopoly and discretion without accountability—are especially intense. Corruption is maintained by a self-reinforcing cycle. Multiple stakeholders are involved in the maintenance of and/or opposition to the cycle: investing corporations, host country regimes and officials, inter-governmental bodies like the OECD, industry associations, non-governmental organization (NGO) watchdogs like Transparency International, and international agencies facilitating global investment (...) like the World Bank. Complementarity of interests between the demand and supply sides provides strong incentives for entrenched players to maintain corruptive relationships, to protect past gains and sustain current ones. Compulsory international regulation, maximum transparency, effective detection, and enforcement are recommended to enhance accountability, thereby reversing the cycle. It is also necessary to create a corporate culture built on integrity, if regulation itself is to succeed. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:BOOK REVIEWS The Logic of God Incarnate. By THOMAS V. MORRIS. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986. Pp. 220. $19.95. Thomas V. Morris, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame, has written a technical yet provocative study on the Incarnation. As a faithful Christian he believes in and desires to defend the traditional Christian doctrine of the Incarnation proclaimed in the New Testament and defined by the (...) early councils of the Church, especially Chalcedon, that is, that Jesus is the One eternal Son existing in two natures. He also holds that, while the truth of the Incarnation is revealed, it must nonetheless stand the test of logic and reason. The Incarnation cannot be illogicaJ or meaningless. " If the church has been guided by God in such matters as the formulation of its creeds, conciliar decrees, and catechisms,.... we would not expect glaring logical flaws in its central doctrinal affirmations" (p. 46). The stated purpose of Morris's study is to defend the traditional doctrine against those who would hold it to be logically incoherent and meaningless. "In the course of thinking about the Incarnation for some years now, I have come to see that a few simple metaphysical distinctions and a solid dose of logical care will suffice to explicate and defend the doctrine against all extant criticisms of a philosophical nature" (p. 9). Morris meticulously analyzes and critiques a number of arguments that oppose the possibility of coherence of the Incarnation by attempting to demonstrate that such arguments are.either false and illogical themselves, or that they do not apply to a true understanding of the Incarnation. Moreover, Morris proposes a novel understanding of the Incarnation which he believes is both logical and intelligible, and which conforms to the Christian tradition. This goal of upholding the intelligibility of the Incarnate leads Morris to a three-fold task. He first of all must refute his chief adversaries, those who would deny the sensibleness of saying God became man in Jesus. Such critics deny the validity of the Incarnation on the ground..'! that it is meaning·less, and the'l'efore impossible to juxtapose the incommensurable. attributes of divinity and humanity, e.g., perfection/imperfection, immutability/corruptibility. They hold that Jesus could not have had both these sets of properties at once (cf. p. 20). Morris refuses to capitulate to such arguments. He nevertheless insists that any solution to the issue which would undermine human logic or which would fail to uphold the Christian's belief is no solution at all (cf. p. 32). 367 368 BOOK REVIEWS Secondly, Morris's task leads him to refute any attempts at a " OneNature " solution, which would "squash" together the human and divine natures in Jesus to form a single nature. Such proposals jeopardize either the integrity of Jesus's divinity (Arianism) or his humanity (Docetism, Monophysitism), inevitably composing a mythical tertium quid (cf. pp. 33-38). Morris presents a clear case against such corruptions of the Incarnation. Thirdly, Morris's task brings him to analyze contemporary kenotic Christology. He thoroughly discusses this approach, for the reason that it is directly involved in the issue at hand, namely, the incompatibility between divine and human properties in Christ. Secondarily, however, Morris's interest in kenoticism reflects his own hope that some variation of the approach might posibly arrive at a Christological solution (cf. p. 92). While he ultimately rejects kenoticism, Morris flirts with the various alternatives, and, as we shall see, his own perception of the Incarnation remains tinged with a kenotic flavor. How then is it possible to predicate of one and the same individual divine and human attributes intelligibly and coherentlyT To use contemporary computer jargon, the question might be phrased: is it possible that God and man can he "incarnation-friendly¥" Morris believes so. Morris first of all sets out to define the terms-divine nature and human nature. He believes part of the incompatibility problem lies in attributing to Jesus's humanity unnecessarily hostile aspects. He distinguishes between being "merely human" and being "fully human"· To be " merely human " is to possess not only those properties that narrowly define one's nature or kind, such as rationality, but... (shrink)

Sobre el libro: Isaiah Berlin ha sido, además de un original e intuitivo historiador de las ideas y autor de numerosos conceptos teórico-políticos, un reconocido teorizador de la libertad y defensor acérrimo del pluralismo. Rasgos que lo han convertido en un innegable referente intelectual en nuestra época. Sobre el editor: El Editor de la presente obra, Pablo Badillo O'Farrell, con motivo del centenario del nacimiento de Berlin, ha reunido un número de contribuciones de estudiosos italianos y españoles que ofrecen, desde (...) muy diferentes perspectivas, un amplio abanico de miradas diversas sobre la obra y el pensamiento del autor, que van desde el análisis y confrontación del pluralismo valorativo y la ética de la libertad, al de la interculturalidad o la identidad personal y el nacionalismo, pasando por la confrontación de historicismo, historia de las ideas y contra-corriente. (shrink)

Are new democracies with divided government and volatile parties politically ill fated? The literature suggests so, but cases of emergent democracies such as Taiwan and Brazil that face both conditions defy the prediction. This paper explains why: party volatility follows from pursuing distinct executive and legislature agendas under divided government; the political ambition that underlies these conditions sustains democratic and even political performance. We evaluate the argument through government spending in Taiwan. The results corroborate our expectations: they show more parties (...) composing the legislature as government spending favors an executive agenda and neglects a legislative welfare-spending agenda. The findings make three contributions to the literature: first, they reveal a political divide between executive and legislature rather than ideological parties to undercut concerns regarding performance. Second, they demonstrate that the strategic use of government spending to institutionalize party development along an executive agenda fuels party fragmentation. Third, they show that legislators split, switch, or create alternative routes to office in reaction to strategic spending to underscore that ambition underlies party volatility and divided government. (shrink)

Research Articles Anthony O'Hear, Social Philosophy and Policy, FirstView Article.

If we can wrong a work of art, then it has moral status. This paper considers two examples of putative wrongings of works of art, but in both cases, the claim that the work of art itself is wronged cannot be vindicated. The sense that a work of art has been wronged arises when that work has a special meaning for us or has a special standing in a cultural context. There is nothing intrinsic to works of art that can (...) confer moral status upon them, and so they are not moral patients. (shrink)

This paper brings a fresh, epistemic perspective to bear on prominent Confucian philosophers’ arguments for a hybrid Deweyan-Confucian democracy, or for an illiberal democracy with “Confucian characteristics.” Reconstructing principles for epistemic elitism and paternalism from the pre-Qin 秦 Confucian thought that inspires these advocates for Confucian democracy, it finds two major problems with their proposals. For those who abandon or modify this epistemic elitism and paternalism in accordance with , the result is a philosophical syncretism that is either unconvincingly Confucian (...) or unconvincingly Deweyan. For those who retain it in accordance with , the result is a democratic proposal that will lack legitimacy in increasingly pluralistic East Asian societies. In the end, there is a need for thinking that appropriately synthesizes Eastern and Western philosophies in a politically changing East Asia, but it would benefit from being less “Confucian.”. (shrink)

In this paper, the theory and practice of therapeutic touch (TT) is scrutinized from a number of perspectives. Firstly, the alleged close relationship between TT and Martha Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings is evaluated. Secondly, the employment of the language of modern physics in Rogers’ theory and TT is critically examined. The authors then review the research literature on TT's efficacy, completing their critique by discussing the ethical issues involved in the practice of TT. As each of the perspectives (...) considered reveals some concerns, the paper concludes that TT is a questionable intervention, underpinned by a very weak theoretical, clinical and research base. (shrink)

In this paper I advance a constitutive argument for the authority of rational norms. Because accountability to reasons is constitutive of rational agency and rational norms are implicit in reasons for action and belief, the justification of rational norms is of a piece with the practice of reasoning. Peter Railton has objected that the constitutive view fails to defend the categorical authority of reason over agents. I respond to his objections, arguing that they presuppose a foundationalist conception of justification that (...) demands a ground for reason's authority outside of the practice of reasoning. (shrink)

_History of Psychology: A Cultural Perspective_ easily distinguishes itself from other texts in a number of ways. First, it examines the field within the rich intellectual and cultural context of everyday life, cross-cultural influences, and contributions from literature, art, and other disciplines. Second, it is a history of ideas, concepts, and questions, instead of dates, events, or great minds. Third, the book explores the history of applied, developmental, clinical, and cognitive psychology as well as experimental psychology. Conveyed in a lively (...) writing style, this text tells a gripping story that continues to the present day. Its current perspective allows students to connect the history of the field to the work being published in current journals. O’Boyle writes in the “historical present”, giving readers a sense of immediacy and aliveness as they journey through history. Her account uses imaginative new features, including “The Times”, which gives readers a feel for what everyday life was like during the age discussed in the chapter. Descriptions of ordinary life, as well as information about important issues influencing their lives such as wars, social movements, famines, and plagues, pique students' interest. "Stop and Think" questions, scattered throughout, enhance retention and encourage critical thinking. An ideal text for a history of psychology or history and systems of psychology course, this creative new book will also appeal to those with a general interest in the field. The Instructor’s Resource CD, written by the text author, includes class activities and demonstrations, suggestions for small group and class discussions, a list of films and videos related to the material in each chapter, and a test bank with objective and essay questions. (shrink)

La esperanza no [pertenece] a la agresividad ni de la certidumbre ni de la duda, en cuanto que la una como la otra hunden sus raíces en los recursos del propio yo, del "moi obturateur". La esperanza, al contrario, es una afirmación (intrépida, infantil), o una "assurance prophetique", que saca sus fuerzas de la comunión interpersonal. "Afirmación" es el término que emplea Marcel preferentemente para referirse al mundo del ser, del misterio, o —como en este caso— de la esperanza.